CRS: Confusion Rating Scale
1988A four-dimension nurse-observed Confusion Rating Scale completed from behaviour across an eight-hour shift. It is rapid and fluctuation-sensitive, but has narrow domain coverage and was described by its developer as immature.
Classification
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Tool and original sources
No direct copy is linked here. The original paper and a Google Images search are available below. Image results may be unofficial; check the version and source before use.
Original paper
- Original paperWilliams MA, Ward SE, Campbell EB. Confusion: testing versus observation. Journal of gerontological nursing. 1988;14(1):25-30. doi: 10.3928/0098-9134-19880101-08. PMID: 3335761.
This is the original published source for CRS. It is the main source for the method, its intended use and the evidence available at publication.
At a glance
- Purpose
- Episodic assessment
- Population
- Adult
- Time
- under 5 min after an 8-hour observation period; later summaries describe 1-2 min
- Items
- 4
- Score or threshold
- Greater than 1 in the current diagnostic-accuracy record; thresholds should be tied to the cited study
Format: Each of four behavioural dimensions is rated from absent to marked, producing a 0-8 total after shift observation. This high-level structure is sufficient for commentary; exact definitions and study-specific thresholds belong in the source.
Evidence
Reported metric context
Foundational nurse-rated confusion scale; descriptive study comparing testing with observation.
More evidence and citation details
- Full name
- Confusion Rating Scale
- Also known as
- CRS
- Evidence summary
- single-DTA
- Diagnostic-accuracy studies
- 1
- Reference standard
- CAM assessment by trained research nurse or psychiatrist
- Citation
- Williams MA, Ward SE, Campbell EB Confusion: testing versus observation Journal of gerontological nursing. 1988;14(1):25-30. PMID 3335761
Copyright and reuse
- Information checked
- 2026-07-19
Instrument-specific terms apply. See the access and copyright policy or send a correction.
Sources checked 2026-07-29. How profiles are prepared.